Jak rozpoznać depresję u nastolatka i jak mu pomóc?

Według dostępnych statystyk, około 20% młodych ludzi doświadcza zaburzeń depresyjnych. Niektóre źródła podają, że objawy depresji stwierdza się nawet u co trzeciego nastolatka. Sytuacja pandemii sprzyja wzrostom tych liczb. Jak zatem nie przeoczyć depresji u własnego dziecka i z jakich form pomocy można skorzystać?

Czym jest depresja? Diagnozowanie depresji u młodzieży


Depresja to grupa zaburzeń psychicznych charakteryzujących się obniżeniem nastroju (smutkiem, przygnębieniem, niską samooceną, poczuciem winy, u niektórych osób myślami samobójczymi), niezdolnością do przeżywania przyjemności, spowolnieniem psychoruchowym, zaburzeniem rytmu dobowego (bezsennością lub nadmierną sennością) lub też zmniejszeniem apetytu.

Diagnoza depresji u młodego człowieka może nastręczać trudności z uwagi na podobieństwo jej objawów do innych stanów i zaburzeń towarzyszących okresowi dojrzewania, jak również zaburzeń takich jak ADHD czy zaburzenia odżywiania. Depresja u nastolatka często jest bagatelizowana przez osoby dorosłe z jego otoczenia i tłumaczona młodzieńczym buntem.

Co powinno nas zaniepokoić?

Jeżeli smutek czy zmęczenie zdarzają się sporadycznie, nie ma powodów do obaw. Depresja u dzieci, podobnie jak u dorosłych, wiąże się z długotrwałym obniżeniem nastroju. W odróżnieniu od osób dorosłych, u dzieci mogą jednak nasilić się zachowania agresywne, destrukcyjne, autodestrukcyjne (na przykład samookaleczanie) i buntownicze, a także wzrasta drażliwość. Każdy rodzic powinien zwrócić uwagę na niespodziewaną zmianę zachowania u nastolatka. Następstwem depresji może być wyraźne, dość nagłe pogorszenie się ocen czy problemy z koncentracją uwagi.

Kiedy skorzystać z pomocy?

Gdy opisane powyżej objawy utrzymują się dłużej niż 2 tygodnie, warto zasięgnąć porady psychologa. Leczenie depresji u młodzieży wymaga zaangażowania rodziców, a nieraz także innych osób biorących udział w opiece nad dzieckiem. Podstawowymi stosowanymi metodami leczenia są oddziaływania niefarmakologiczne, tj. psychoedukacja i psychoterapia. Tylko w niektórych przypadkach rekomendowane lub konieczne jest włączenie leków.

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